The annotations for the Hop o’ My Thumb fairy tale are below. Sources have been cited in parenthetical references, but I have not linked them directly to their full citations which appear on the Hop o’ My Thumb Bibliography page. I have provided links back to the Annotated Hop o’ My Thumb to facilitate referencing between the notes and the tale.
Special thanks to Anne Markel, a freelance writer & amateur folklorist, for providing the annotations to this tale.
1. Hop O' My Thumb/Little Thumb: Although the title "petit poucet" translates more literally to "little thumb," the name Hop O' My Thumb seems to have entered the English translation accidentally, perhaps through some translator who may have confused it with the story "Tom Thumb" (Philip and Simborowski, p. 145). According to the OED, the phrase, an abbreviation of "hop on my thumb" made its first appearance in the English language in 1530, making it far older than the actual tale (OED p. 784). Philip states that "eight-two versions of this story have been collected form oral storytellers in France…" (Philip and Simborowski, pg. 145).
This tale is Aarne-Thompson type 327B (Thompson, p. 483).
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2. Fagot-makers: In
some versions of the stories, they are woodcutters; in either
event, subsistence workers.
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3. The eldest was but ten years old, and the youngest only
seven: The presence of several sets of twins in the family would have
been highly significant. In some cultures, twins are regarded as
"regrettable accidents of nature" (Biedermann, p. 359) but may as
well be an auspicious omen: Beidermann goes on to say that "A pair
of male twins…was sometimes viewed as a divine recognition of
great piety" (ibid., p 359).
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4. Seven children (sons): Besides the number
three, seven is one of the most magically-charged numbers
occurring in folklore and mythology. The number has numerous
astronomical associations (the seven planets, the seven days of
the moon phase) and various religious overtones (the Seven Pillars
of Wisdom, the seven emblems of the Buddha); in addition, it is
significant in that "In Arabic and other folklore customs, seven
had protective power, associated particularly with childbirth"
(Tressider, p. 434).
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5. Always in the wrong: The motif of youngest
child as simpleton is a common one in fairy tales. His (or her)
eventual triumph over difficulties can be read as the triumph of
the human personality in its quest for maturation and integration;
prior to that, "On the simplest and most direct level, fairy tales
in which the hero is the youngest and most inept offer the child
the consolation and hope for the future he needs most"
(Bettelheim, p. 104).
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6. Thou seest plainly that we are not able to keep our
children: In his analysis of the story Hansel and Gretel, Bettelheim
points out that "…the folk fairy tale conveys and important,
though unpleasant, truth: poverty and deprivation do not improve
man's character, but rather make him…prone to embark on evil
deeds" (Bettelheim, p.159).
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7. Lose them in the wood: The forest, often
"inhabited by mysterious, usually threatening creatures" is a
symbol of "all the dangers with which young people must deal if
they are to survive their rites of passage and become mature,
responsible adults" (Biedermann, p.141).
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8. She at last consented: This is a reversal of
the motif, found, for instance, in Hansel and Gretel in which it
is the mother-later the stepmother-who convinces her husband to
abandon the children.
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9. Cry: Bettelheim
writes that "There is no greater threat in life than that we will
be deserted, left all alone" (Bettelheim p. 145). By continuing to
let his brothers cry, Little Thumb is once again letting his
muteness stand in place of his cleverness; thus far, all of his
work has been internal. The challenges that come after this point
are-even more terrifyingly-contained in the external,
harder-to-control world.
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10. I will lead you home again: Although he is
the most maligned of the children, Little Thumb is the only one of
the brothers who takes any action toward saving themselves.
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11. Wolves: When
they appear in fairy tales, wolves are nearly always menacing.
Here, the imaginary wolves area accused of the same crime the
actual ogre will try to perpetrate later-that of eating the
children whole.
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12. Who love wives to speak well, but who think those very
importunate who are continually doing so: The humor of this passage aside, this exchange may also
illustrate the parents' failings as adults-their inability to care
for their children, to collect on old debts, to achieve a balanced
marital state. Little Thumb's eventual success in the story also
helps to elevate his parents' own station in life, and presumably,
contributes to the enhancement of their own maturity.
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13. Come in and let me clean thee: In the early
part of the story, its elements-the two trips to the woods, the
white pebbles, the bread crumbs eaten by birds-are exactly as
occur in Hansel and Gretel. Here, as in that story, "The
children's successful return home does not solve anything"
(Bettelheim, p. 160). The family are still poor, Little Thumb has
yet to gain his parent's favor, and so they must be brought back
into the wood to face their challenges again.
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14. Carroty: Redheads have a long history of
symbolism attached to their hair color, most generally in the
category of "demonic associations" (Tresidder, p. 220).
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15. Lose them again: That the scenario is
repeated could be read as the child's need to master not only the
internal world, but also the external-as much scarier place
sometimes, with circumstances and events beyond one's control.
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16. The birds had come and had eaten it up, every bit: In some fairy tales birds function as helpers, are aligned with
divine powers (Freiberg, p 23), or grant special powers to those
who understand their language (Bettelheim, p. 31). Here, to the
misfortune of Little Thumb and his brothers, they function solely
as the embodiment of indifferent, external nature.
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17. Terribly high wind: Wind in this passage is
not only an atmospheric device, lending a depth of detail to the
narrative which is otherwise lacking in most places, but can also
be understood as an ill-omened presence, for winds "are not merely
currents of air but also supernatural manifestations of divine
intentions" (Bettelheim, p. 382).
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18. Top of a tree: The association of trees with
worldly knowledge is an old one, predating even the Biblical era.
The benefits (knowledge) that Little Thumb's climb bring unfold
only slowly, as at first his glimpse of the light in the forest
seems to bring him and his brothers much deeper into danger.
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19. The woman…began to weep: Nothing about the
wife's appearance or demeanor suggests that she is monstrous
herself. On the contrary, her kindness may reflect the loving
aspect of the boys' own parents, in contrast with their "ogre-ish"
side-the side that would abandon them in the forest.
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20. Ogre: The
word itself was coined by Perrault (OED, p 1205). That the
presence of an ogre in the story is no more remarkable to the boys
than the presence of poverty or breadcrumbs-in other words, the
coexistence of the mundane with the fantastic-is an example of the
principle of one-dimensionality of fairy tales (see Luthi, The
European Folktale: Form and Function, for a discussion of this
structure).
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21. Hid them under the bed: According to Stith
Thompson, there are "a large number of instances where the hero is
helped by the ogre's wife or child (Thompson, p. 343).
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22. I smell fresh meat: Like the giant in Jack and the Beanstalk, this monster is made more terrifying by the supernaturally
heightened abilities of his otherwise human senses.
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23. They would be delicate eating: The fear of
being devoured is surely one of a child's most exaggerated fears.
By besting the ogre (or the giant in Jack and the Beanstalk, or
the witch in Hansel and Gretel) the young hero learns that his
worst fears will not, in fact, come true.
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24. They could not eat a bit: While the boys'
lack of appetite is understandable, there is also an ancient and
common prohibition in folklore, myth and legend against partaking
of food while in the supernatural world.
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25. Suck their blood: This detailed description
of the ogre young is in sharp contrast to the rest of the tale, in
which the appearance of the characters is minimally noted, if at
all. Perhaps the daughters' general unsavoryness, along with their
nascent vampirism, is offered as a way to lessen the horror of
Little Thumb's assigning them to slaughter.
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26. Taking his brothers' bonnets and his own: In
the Thompson Motif-Index of Folk Literature, this is K1611,
substituted caps cause ogre to kill his own children, of the type,
"Deceiver Fall Into Own Trap."
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27. Not dreaming after what manner she should dress
them:The French verb habiller can mean, as in English, to put on
clothing or to clean and truss, making this a rare instance in
which a pun or double entendre translates successfully across two
languages (Larousse, p. 490).
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28. Boots of seven leagues: The magical objects
that appear in fairy tales often have a specific, and limited,
function: here, they allow the wearer to cross vast distances
quickly, which is an advantage to the ogre in catching up with the
boys, but they are of no assistance to him beyond that and do not,
for instance, aid him in locating the children once he has caught
up to them.
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29. Greatly fatigued the wearer: However, no
such difficulties seem to trouble Little Thumb once he has gained
possession of the boots.
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30. Not so frightened as his brothers: At this
point in the tale, Little Thumb's transformation from
simple-seeming to clever and competent is complete. Whereas at the
beginning of the story he had to think through the night to devise
a plan to save himself and his brothers, here he is able to think
on his feet and concocts the scheme which will free them from the
ogre's threats and garner him his fortune, as well.
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31. Fairies: That is, magical.
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32. You see I have them on: There is a parallel
here between Little Thumb's earlier deception using the daughters'
crowns and this one, using another article of clothing.
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33. There are many people who do not agree in this
circumstance: This tale seems to contain its own alternate endings. Perhaps
this is for the benefit of the listener: if we think Little Thumb
gained his wealth through deception we might merely think him
clever; if he can be shown to have used the purloined boots for
the benefit of the whole community, we will think him both clever
and deserving, when he returns with great wealth.
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34. Messenger: Note that the once puny and
speechless child has grown into a military worker who makes his
fortune in the business of language-messages-and how successfully
his personality has matured and developed.
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35. Made his court to perfection: Bruno
Bettelheim states that "No child believes that one day he will
become ruler over a kingdom other than the realm of his own life."
We leave Little Thumb as he has gained this mastery-and
happiness-within that realm, showing how successfully he has
integrated the trials and the lessons offered by his story.
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Special thanks to Anne Markel, a freelance writer & amateur folklorist, for providing the annotations to this tale.
