The annotations for the Diamonds and Toads fairy tale are below. Sources have been cited in parenthetical references, but I have not linked them directly to their full citations which appear on the Diamonds and Toads Bibliography page. I have provided links back to the Annotated Diamonds and Toads to facilitate referencing between the notes and the tale.
1. A widow: A widow
often inspires sympathy, perhaps even pity, in fairy tales,
except for when she is a stepmother, too. Here the woman is not
a stepmother, but she quickly loses the audience's sympathy with
her abusive behavior.
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2. Two daughters: According to the Opies, "in the manuscript version of 1695 the
sisters are stepsisters, the beautiful younger girl being the
daughter of her father's first wife, as in Cinderella. This was doubtless the relationship in the traditional story;
but Perrault probably altered it to make the situation less like
that in the Cinderella story" (Opie 1974, 100). Other variants
of the tale, such as Mother Holle, maintain the stepfamily relationships.
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3. Eldest: Eldest siblings are usually favored
by their parents in fairy tales, perhaps due to their right of
inheritance. Usually their personalities and lives are left
undescribed beyond the explanation that they have inherited the
best portion from their parents. Youngest siblings often receive
the worst inheritance and must learn to fend for themselves, a
popular fairy tale motif.
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4. Disagreeable and so proud: "Pride goeth before a fall." This tale is a moralistic warning
against pride and laziness.
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5. Youngest: Fairy tales often contain multiple
siblings in which the youngest becomes the protagonist.
Traditional folklore is primarily interested in only children or
youngest siblings. Either the youngest is the most beautiful and
worthy--often female protagonists--or the youngest is stupid and
lucky--often male protagonists. In either scenario, the youngest
achieves good fortune through an adventure and/or magical
helper. "It is the modest, the humble, and often the
dispossessed who are elevated to noble rank" (Tatar, 2002,
235).
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6. Father: The
father has an excellent excuse for not protecting his daughter
in this tale--he's dead. Other fairy tale heroines suffer from
ineffective fathers, such as in Hansel and Gretel and Rumpelstiltskin.
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7. Courtesy and sweetness of temper: We are provided characters that are polar opposites so that we
can see the rewards of good and bad behavior.
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8. One of the most beautiful girls: Hyperbole is frequently used to describe beauty in fairy
tales. Each beautiful woman has "no equal" or is "the most
beautiful" or similar. Beauty often represents goodness,
worthiness, privilege, and wealth in fairy tales. Princesses are
especially expected to be beautiful. Physical beauty is often
considered to represent inner beauty in folklore, except for
when it is a magical disguise.
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9. Made her eat in the kitchen and work continually: The youngest, thanks to her sweet nature and beauty, has become
a servant in her own home. The mother and sister's treatment of
the younger daughter is reminiscent of Cinderella's abuse.
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10. Child was forced twice a day to draw water above a mile and
a-half off the house, and bring home a pitcher full of
it: While this sounds like a horrible chore, especially in the age
of indoor plumbing, such tasks were part of the daily existence
in small villages where a fountain or well would serve as the
municipal waterworks. The great distance is the greater burden
since the pitcher would be heavy with no wagon or beast of
burden to lighten the load.
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11. Fountain: Fountains or wells appear in many
variants of the tale, even those with substantially different
story lines, such as The Three Heads of the Well and Mother Holle. In Mother
Holle, the youngest daughter drops a shuttle down the well and
is told to fetch it by her stepmother despite the danger. She
goes down the well and loses consciousness. She wakes up in a
different world and meets Mother Holle, a benevolent character
who appreciates the girl's industrious spirit.
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12. A poor woman: Most societies reverence acts of charity towards the elderly and destitute. Most also teach the creed to "honor your elders."
In an English variant of the tale, The Three Heads of the Well, disembodied heads appear in the well and ask the young girl to:
‘Wash me and comb me,
And lay me down softly.
And lay me on a bank to dry,
That I may look pretty,
When somebody passes by.’
The youngest daughter performs these tasks with gentle reserve
and is thus rewarded for her humble service (and perhaps her
strong stomach).
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13. Who begged of her to let her drink: The woman requests a simple service, the drawing and sharing
of water from a well. Many stories from around the world, for
example Bible stories, center around the request for water from
a well, including "Rebecca at the Well" in the Old Testament and
"The Woman at the Well" in the New Testament.
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14. Goody: A more exact translation of
Perrault's French would be "my dear lady." Goody is short for
Goodwife or Goodwoman (usually used for the middle classes), a
polite term of address such as Mrs. or Ms. is today, but
slightly more familiar.
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15. So good and so mannerly: The woman states the exact reason why she is giving a fairy
gift to the youngest daughter. It is intended to be a reward for
good behavior. The tale is overtly didactic, explaining the
rewards for good behavior and the penalties for bad behavior. In
some variants, the emphasis is less on good vs. bad behavior and
more on industry vs. laziness, such as in Mother Holle.
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16. This was a fairy, who had taken the form of a poor country
woman: Fairies or other magical beings are frequently disguising
themselves in order to test the mettle of characters in fairy
tales. In some variations with a strong Catholic influence, the
woman may be the Virgin Mary or another saint. In some Russian
variants, the benevolent character is God himself.
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17. I will give you for a gift: In much of folklore, fairy gifts that are meant to be positive, or at least appear to be benevolent, often end up becoming curses due to the fairies' fickle and perverse spirits.
"The English fairies had indeed a code of behaviour which they
exacted from the humans whom they happened to meet. Kindliness,
courtesy, open-handedness and orderly ways, these were essential
to gaining their favour. They had no patience with misers or
sluts; but these were qualities demanded in intercourse between
humans and fairies, they were not generally a deliberate
educational effort....In the French fairy tales, however, the
fairies seem to have made human morals their chief concern"
(Briggs 1967, 2002; 222-3).
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18. Every word you speak, there shall come out of your mouth either a flower or a jewel: There is direct symbolism between the girl's virtues and her fairy gift. Since her words are kind and virtuous, they are literally given material value. Is this gift really a blessing? The girl's words will forever be a nuisance and distraction in conversation.
In other variants of the tale, the girl receives treasures in a
box, stuck on her person (which can be removed), or whenever she
combs her hair. Sometimes she is blessed with eternal beauty.
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19. Two roses: Roses often symbolize "completion, perfection, God, beauty,
paradise, Christ, and the Virgin Mary" (Olderr 1986). Roses are
generally considered the most beautiful flower, esteemed above
all over varieties.
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20. Two pearls: Pearls often symbolize "innocence, purity, faith, wealth,
health, salvation, and self-sacrifice" (Olderr 1986).
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21. Two diamonds: Diamonds often symbolize "light, perfection, fortitude, pride,
hardness, intelligence, invulernable faith, joy, life, dignity,
and wealth" (Olderr 1986). They are generally the most precious
stones.
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22. I must send my child thither: The mother, horrified to see her youngest daughter receive such
wealth, decides to send her preferred daughter to achieve the
same goal. She still can't love the youngest daughter despite
her new source of wealth.
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23. Fanny: Perrault used the
name Fanchon in the original French version of the
tale. Most translators choose the name Fanny for English
translations of the tale. Fanny is a short name or nickname for
Frances in English. The name has been very popular at times in
history although it is not popular today. It is unusual for a
fairy tale character to have a name not related to her role in
the story if she has one at all.
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24. Give it to her very civilly: Civil has the meaning to be "not rude; marked by satisfactory
(or especially minimal) adherence to social usages and
sufficient but not noteworthy consideration for others" (WordNet). The eldest daughter is shown the results of good behavior
and admonished to behave accordingly. Will she be able to
overcome her bad habits?
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25. Minx: Today a minx is "a seductive woman who
uses her sex appeal to exploit men" (WordNet). Obsolete defintions of the word are "a she puppy" and a
"mink or mink otter" (Webster's 1990).
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26. Hussy: In this context, hussy means "a
worthless woman or girl; used as a term of contempt or reproach"
(Webster's 1990).
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27. Best silver tankard: A tankard is a "large drinking vessel with one handle" that
usually has a cover (WordNet). It is usually nicer than a pitcher.
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28. A lady most gloriously dressed: In a class-conscious society, a woman of obvious wealth and
social stature would expect gentle and humble treatment, even
over a poor old woman. That the daughter cannot be kind to her
"betters" shows the height of her terrible pride.
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29. However, you may drink out of it, if you have a
fancy: Despite the warning and advice she received to be on her best
behavior, the girl's true nature cannot be overcome. She is
naturally rude and familiar. For her, this language and behavior
is probably the nicest she can produce.
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30. At every word you speak there shall come out of your mouth a snake or a toad: Once again, the punishment fits the crime. Since the girl's words are rude and disgusting, she will have disgusting objects issue from her mouth whenever she speaks.
In other variants, the eldest daughter is covered with tar or
pitch that cannot be removed, given a box of serpents, riddled
with leprosy, or cursed with eternal ugliness.
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31. Two vipers: Vipers often symbolize "treachery, evil genius, sin, the
Devil, and ingratitude" (Olderr 1986).
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32. Two toads: Toads often symbolize "the Devil, evil spirit, vice,
injustice, ugliness, and death" (Olderr 1986).
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33. Her sister who has occasioned all this: In the height of unfairness, the youngest sister is blamed for
the failure of the eldest sister.
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34. She ran to beat her: Physical abuse was not uncommon in times past and was more
acceptable than it is today.
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35. The forest: Woods or forests frequently appear as settings in fairy tales.
Forests symbolize the female principle, the unconscious, danger,
mistakes, problems, fertility, and enchantment. They often serve
as the homes for outlaws such as in the Robin Hood legend,
fairies, or supernatural beings (Olderr 1986).
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36. The King's son: A prince is the suitor and a common character in romantic fairy tales such as this one.
When fairy tales came into being "princes and princesses were as
rare as they are today, and fairy tales simply abound with them.
Every child at some time wishes that he were a prince or a
princess--and at times, in his unconscious, the child believes
he is one, only temporarily degraded by circumstances. There are
so many kings and queens in fairy tales because their rank
signifies absolute power, such as the parent seems to hold over
his child. So the fairy-tale royalty represent projections of
the child's imagination" (Bettelheim 1975).
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37. Hunting: In times past, hunting was a
popular activity among the nobility, used for sport and
necessity. The game was often used for food, but for trophies as
well.
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38. Considering himself that such a gift was worth more than any
marriage portion: The reader is left to wonder how much the prince values his
bride's charms over her continous production of wealth. Here is
a girl who must wonder if she is valued only for her material
riches. The prince himself decides that her special gift more
than makes up for her lack of a marriage dowry.
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39. Married her: Marriage is the ultimate goal and reward in many romantic fairy
tales. Despite the bridegroom's mercenary thoughts, we are
intended to believe in a happily ever after for the couple.
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40. Went to a corner of the wood, and there died: While it may be harsh to call her evil, the eldest sister is
definitely rude and antagonistic. Antagonists usually suffer
just deaths at the end of fairy tales. The eldest sister's
antisocial behavior causes her to die miserable and alone in the
woods.
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